Handbook of Behavioral State Control

Handbook of Behavioral State Control: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA, editors

Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press LLC; 1999. 700 pp. with index

ISBN 0-8493-3151-X (hard cover)

Although one may argue that any change in neuronal activity may ultimately lead to behavioural alterations, a closer relation between single cell function and behavioural consequences is needed. This relation is complex, and there are numerous and inter-related regulatory levels between cellular/molecular processes and behavioural outcome. It is therefore not surprising that there is a remarkable lack of exhaustive textbooks that explain cellular mechanisms underlying behavioural activity more globally. This book, edited by Lydic and Boghdoyan, both from Pennsylvania State University, partially fills this gap. It is a carefully planned handbook divided into 38 chapters organized in 8 sections, and written by 95 authors. The book’s major goal is to provide updated material on the cellular and molecular mechanisms generating diverse behavioural states. The authors do not explain cellular mechanisms of particular behaviours but rather provide information about the neural processes that regulate behavioural states, such as sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, arousal, etc. Different behavioural states, in turn, determine a subset of possible behavioural outcomes. The dominating theme of the book is sleep, wakefulness, arousal, and vigilance; this theme is compatible with the research interest and experience of the editors in the neurobiology of sleep mechanisms.

The handbook represents a working reference for numerous topics relating to physiological, psychological and pathophysiological states, including information on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of common state disorders. The chapters in the first section discuss mammalian circadian rhythms, structure and function of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, melatonin rhythm-generation systems, and genetic circadian clock mechanisms. The subsequent chapters of the second section describe daily alterations in the arousal state, REM sleep dreaming, NREM sleep mentation, and neurological disorders of sleep. Section 3 deals with the anatomical substrate, neurochemical coding, and functional organization of components of the ascending reticular activating system, which includes ascending cholinergic, monoaminergic, and glutamatergic pathways. Particular attention is paid to the mesopontine cholinergic system and its role in REM sleep, wakefulness and cortical activation, and the noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways and their role in sleep, wakefulness, regulation of motor output and sensory information processing. The same systems are further discussed in more detail in the next section. Successive chapters deal with intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic activity, membrane current characteristics and excitability of cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons. Particular attention is focused on the state-dependent cellular oscillations in the corticothalamic system and on the rhythmic oscillations in the hippocampal formation.

Mechanisms of behavioural state control may be altered by centrally active drugs. Several chapters in the section entitled “Molecules modulating mental state” discuss this issue. Neuronal and neurochemical mediation of addictive behaviour, and alterations in behavioural state caused by benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and serotonin antagonists are discussed.

The following 2 sections of the handbook review the current knowledge regarding state-dependent processing in somatosensory pathways and the role of the rostral ventromedial medulla in regulating ascending sensory transmission. Several chapters of the last 2 sections of the handbook deal with pathophysiological states. There is a particular emphasis on pain sensation, anesthesia, pharmacological and surgical treatment of pain, and immunological alterations in the arousal state. The topics cover cytokines in sleep regulation, immune effects on neurotransmission, and finally, body temperature, fever and microbial modulations of arousal.

Although the textbook covers vast areas of behavioural neuroscience, there are several important areas that are not represented. Results of the vast research concerning emotional states, such as anxiety or fear, and relevant regulatory functions of the limbic structures are not included. Also, psychopathological states of panic, depression, or euphoria are not described, except in parts of one chapter about addictive behaviour and neural mechanisms of reward. This topical selection was probably necessary to keep the textbook at the manageable size.

The textbook is well illustrated and contains overall 3500 references, more than 90 references per chapter. The book may serve as an excellent resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and biomedical researchers working with animal models of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. It will also be highly useful for medical residents, lecturers in neuroscience courses, and other professionals interested in problems of behavioural neuroscience and general neural principles governing animal and human behaviour.